This tutorial demonstrates how to migrate an existing PyTorch workload to Gaudi. The migration requires only loading the Habana PyTorch plugin library
%matplotlib inline
!pip install ipywidgetsThis section runs through the API for common tasks in machine learning. Refer to the links in each section to dive deeper.
Working with data
PyTorch has two primitives to work with data: torch.utils.data.DataLoader and torch.utils.data.Dataset. Dataset stores the samples and their corresponding labels, and DataLoader wraps an iterable around the Dataset.
import torch
from torch import nn
from torch.utils.data import DataLoader
from torchvision import datasets
from torchvision.transforms import ToTensor, Lambda, Compose
import matplotlib.pyplot as pltEnable Habana
Let’s enable a single Gaudi device by loading the Habana PyTorch plugin library:
#from habana_frameworks.torch.utils.library_loader import load_habana_module
#load_habana_module()
import habana_frameworks.torch.core as htcorePyTorch offers domain-specific libraries such as TorchText, TorchVision, and TorchAudio, all of which include datasets. For this tutorial, we will be using a TorchVision dataset.
The torchvision.datasets module contains Dataset objects for many real-world vision data like CIFAR, COCO (full list here). In this tutorial, we use the FashionMNIST dataset. Every TorchVision Dataset includes two arguments: transform and target_transform to modify the samples and labels respectively.
# Download training data from open datasets.
training_data = datasets.FashionMNIST(
root="data",
train=True,
download=True,
transform=ToTensor(),
)
# Download test data from open datasets.
test_data = datasets.FashionMNIST(
root="data",
train=False,
download=True,
transform=ToTensor(),
)We pass the Dataset as an argument to DataLoader. This wraps an iterable over our dataset, and supports automatic batching, sampling, shuffling and multiprocess data loading. Here we define a batch size of 64, i.e. each element in the dataloader iterable will return a batch of 64 features and labels.
batch_size = 64
# Create data loaders.
train_dataloader = DataLoader(training_data, batch_size=batch_size)
test_dataloader = DataLoader(test_data, batch_size=batch_size)
for X, y in test_dataloader:
print("Shape of X [N, C, H, W]: ", X.shape)
print("Shape of y: ", y.shape, y.dtype)
breakShape of X [N, C, H, W]: torch.Size([64, 1, 28, 28])
Shape of y: torch.Size([64]) torch.int64Code language: CSS (css)Read more about loading data in PyTorch.
Creating Models
To define a neural network in PyTorch, we create a class that inherits from nn.Module. We define the layers of the network in the __init__ function and specify how data will pass through the network in the forward function. To accelerate operations in the neural network, we move it to Gaudi.
# Use hpu device for training.
# device = "hpu"
device = torch.device("hpu")
print("Using {} device".format(device))
# Define model
class NeuralNetwork(nn.Module):
def __init__(self):
super(NeuralNetwork, self).__init__()
self.flatten = nn.Flatten()
self.linear_relu_stack = nn.Sequential(
nn.Linear(28*28, 512),
nn.ReLU(),
nn.Linear(512, 512),
nn.ReLU(),
nn.Linear(512, 10)
)
def forward(self, x):
x = self.flatten(x)
logits = self.linear_relu_stack(x)
return logits
model = NeuralNetwork().to(device)
print(model)Using hpu device
NeuralNetwork(
(flatten): Flatten(start_dim=1, end_dim=-1)
(linear_relu_stack): Sequential(
(0): Linear(in_features=784, out_features=512, bias=True)
(1): ReLU()
(2): Linear(in_features=512, out_features=512, bias=True)
(3): ReLU()
(4): Linear(in_features=512, out_features=10, bias=True)
)
)Code language: PHP (php)Read more about building neural networks in PyTorch _.
Optimizing the Model Parameters
To train a model, we need a loss function and an optimizer.
loss_fn = nn.CrossEntropyLoss()
optimizer = torch.optim.SGD(model.parameters(), lr=1e-3)In a single training loop, the model makes predictions on the training dataset (fed to it in batches), and backpropagates the prediction error to adjust the model’s parameters.
def train(dataloader, model, loss_fn, optimizer):
size = len(dataloader.dataset)
model.train()
for batch, (X, y) in enumerate(dataloader):
X, y = X.to(device), y.to(device)
# Compute prediction error
pred = model(X)
loss = loss_fn(pred, y)
# Backpropagation
optimizer.zero_grad()
loss.backward()
# API call to trigger execution
htcore.mark_step()
optimizer.step()
# API call to trigger execution
htcore.mark_step()
if batch % 100 == 0:
loss, current = loss.item(), batch * len(X)
print(f"loss: {loss:>7f} [{current:>5d}/{size:>5d}]")We also check the model’s performance against the test dataset to ensure it is learning.
def test(dataloader, model, loss_fn):
size = len(dataloader.dataset)
def test(dataloader, model, loss_fn):
size = len(dataloader.dataset)
num_batches = len(dataloader)
model.eval()
test_loss, correct = 0, 0
with torch.no_grad():
for X, y in dataloader:
X, y = X.to(device), y.to(device)
pred = model(X)
test_loss += loss_fn(pred, y).item()
correct += (pred.argmax(1) == y).type(torch.float).sum().item()
test_loss /= num_batches
correct /= size
print(f"Test Error: \n Accuracy: {(100*correct):>0.1f}%, Avg loss: {test_loss:>8f} \n")The training process is conducted over several iterations (epochs). During each epoch, the model learns parameters to make better predictions. We print the model’s accuracy and loss at each epoch; we’d like to see the accuracy increase and the loss decrease with every epoch.
epochs = 5
for t in range(epochs):
print(f"Epoch {t+1}\n-------------------------------")
train(train_dataloader, model, loss_fn, optimizer)
test(test_dataloader, model, loss_fn)
print("Done!")Epoch 1
-------------------------------
loss: 2.310365 [ 0/60000]
loss: 2.302217 [ 6400/60000]
loss: 2.274406 [12800/60000]
loss: 2.269496 [19200/60000]
loss: 2.258406 [25600/60000]
loss: 2.222645 [32000/60000]
loss: 2.238458 [38400/60000]
loss: 2.199006 [44800/60000]
loss: 2.189651 [51200/60000]
loss: 2.169230 [57600/60000]
Test Error:
Accuracy: 30.5%, Avg loss: 2.160159
Epoch 2
-------------------------------
loss: 2.167748 [ 0/60000]
loss: 2.165102 [ 6400/60000]
loss: 2.100914 [12800/60000]
loss: 2.122778 [19200/60000]
loss: 2.072059 [25600/60000]
loss: 2.012739 [32000/60000]
loss: 2.046291 [38400/60000]
loss: 1.964602 [44800/60000]
loss: 1.959184 [51200/60000]
loss: 1.902106 [57600/60000]
Test Error:
Accuracy: 50.2%, Avg loss: 1.892953
Epoch 3
-------------------------------
loss: 1.922650 [ 0/60000]
loss: 1.898303 [ 6400/60000]
loss: 1.775073 [12800/60000]
loss: 1.823592 [19200/60000]
loss: 1.702000 [25600/60000]
loss: 1.662501 [32000/60000]
loss: 1.684734 [38400/60000]
loss: 1.585656 [44800/60000]
loss: 1.596274 [51200/60000]
loss: 1.506514 [57600/60000]
Test Error:
Accuracy: 58.6%, Avg loss: 1.517501
Epoch 4
-------------------------------
loss: 1.579399 [ 0/60000]
loss: 1.549755 [ 6400/60000]
loss: 1.396002 [12800/60000]
loss: 1.478985 [19200/60000]
loss: 1.349092 [25600/60000]
loss: 1.350576 [32000/60000]
loss: 1.363445 [38400/60000]
loss: 1.291087 [44800/60000]
loss: 1.312230 [51200/60000]
loss: 1.224336 [57600/60000]
Test Error:
Accuracy: 63.0%, Avg loss: 1.249705
Epoch 5
-------------------------------
loss: 1.321081 [ 0/60000]
loss: 1.306476 [ 6400/60000]
loss: 1.140665 [12800/60000]
loss: 1.253876 [19200/60000]
loss: 1.122847 [25600/60000]
loss: 1.150012 [32000/60000]
loss: 1.167040 [38400/60000]
loss: 1.110087 [44800/60000]
loss: 1.137658 [51200/60000]
loss: 1.060612 [57600/60000]
Test Error:
Accuracy: 64.4%, Avg loss: 1.083993 Code language: CSS (css)Done!
Read more about Training your model.
Saving Models
A common way to save a model is to serialize the internal state dictionary (containing the model parameters).
model = model.to("cpu")
torch.save(model.state_dict(), "model.pth")
print("Saved PyTorch Model State to model.pth")Saved PyTorch Model State to model.pthCode language: CSS (css)Loading Models
The process for loading a model includes re-creating the model structure and loading the state dictionary into it.
model = NeuralNetwork()
model.load_state_dict(torch.load("model.pth"))This model can now be used to make predictions.
classes = [
"T-shirt/top",
"Trouser",
"Pullover",
"Dress",
"Coat",
"Sandal",
"Shirt",
"Sneaker",
"Bag",
"Ankle boot",
]
model.eval()
x, y = test_data[0][0], test_data[0][1]
with torch.no_grad():
pred = model(x)
predicted, actual = classes[pred[0].argmax(0)], classes[y]
print(f'Predicted: "{predicted}", Actual: "{actual}"')Predicted: "Ankle boot", Actual: "Ankle boot"Code language: JavaScript (javascript)BSD 3-Clause License
Copyright (c) 2021 Habana Labs, Ltd. an Intel Company.
Copyright (c) 2017, Pytorch contributors
All rights reserved.
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* Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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